Obstruction of Justice At Trial

In United States v. Dehlinger, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS (4th Cir. No. 09-4099 2010) (unpublished opinion, here), the Fourth Circuit gives a cautionary lesson for practitioners as to the risks of going to trial and mounting a defense that the jury does not accept. Here's the lesson (case citations omitted):

As to the second of Dehlinger's sentencing issues, the district court did not err in increasing Dehlinger's offense level by two levels for obstruction of justice. The Sentencing Guidelines allow a two level increase if "the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of conviction and any relevant conduct." U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. Obstruction of justice includes committing perjury at trial. U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, comment (n.4(b)). A district court applying an enhancement based on obstruction of justice must necessarily find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant (1) gave false testimony, (2) concerning a material matter, (3) with the willful intent to deceive while under oath.

The district court found that Dehlinger committed perjury when he testified (extensively) under oath that he relied on others, taking advice from his accountant and financial planner, as well as Dr. Chari, regarding the legality and soundness of the AAA programs. Specifically, Dehlinger claimed that he took certain deductions "because Richard Marks and George Benoit said they were appropriate deductions." Tr. 108. As an initial matter, the district court's enhancement for perjury did not constitute double counting (even though Dehlinger's crime constituted lying to the IRS) because the crime for which he was convicted was completed by the time he went on trial. Indeed, his crime was complete after he had filed the fraudulent tax returns. Lying under oath constitutes a new and different circumstance designed to hide the already completed crime. In short, the conduct underlying Dehlinger's conviction is different from the conduct upon which the district court based its enhancement.

Second, the district court properly reasoned that, since the jury found Dehlinger guilty of all tax evasion charges, it must have rejected all of his testimony regarding good faith and lack of willfulness. During sentencing, the district court discussed at length its reasons for enhancing Dehlinger's sentence; namely, that Dehlinger (1) gave false testimony, (2) concerning a material matter, (3) with the willful intent to deceive while under oath. The district court said,

[Defendant's] testimony was to say, if it is detrimental reliance, if that is the description, the proper description, it may well be; but it was more specific about what was going on, what I did and, gosh, I really did not know that this was not on the up and up. And it seems that the jury evaluated that testimony and the jury found the defendant guilty and ignored that testimony altogether. . . .

But [defendant] was very specific about what he had done and the fact that it was not bad motive or criminal intent by him; but the specifics were such that, it seems to me, there was a rejection of those facts. . . . But the testimony was detailed and specific about what happened; and he asked the jury to rely on his position that he did not know what was up in light of a lot of evidence that indicated that he knew some of the things that were going on simply were not legal, and ultimately the jury concluded they were criminal.

Sent. Tr. 34-38. These observations by the district court support its determination that Dehlinger committed perjury for the sole purpose of deceiving the jury regarding his culpability and involvement with AAA. The district court therefore properly sentenced Dehlinger.

For more on this subject, I offer the following which is a footnote in my current Federal Tax Crimes Book:

See United States v. Ellis, 548 F.3d 539 (7th Cir. 2008) (the enhancement is not warranted in every case of false testimony; the court’s formulation seems to be that if the defendant commits perjury in her defense, the enhancement can apply even though, presumably, the defendant might be separately prosecuted and sentenced for the perjury; I suspect but have no empirical evidence that the standard unelaborated denial of guilt by a defendant on the stand will not draw the enhancement, but the elaborate, egregious lie will; note, also, that for the sentencing enhancement the Government’s burden is preponderance of the evidence); see also United States v. Holmes, 406 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 2005) (a nontax case).